Karol Józef Wojtyła – Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II
1920-2005
Born in Poland
Helped Jews hide form Nazis
1978 -became Pope
Staunch anticommunist
1981 – assassination attempt
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, Dec. 25, 1979
(image, discussion)
Solidariność
(image, discussion)
Mikhail Gorbachev
(image, discussion)
гл́асность – Glasnost
“Political openness”
Greater transparency, end corruption
But media and citizens became more critical of government
Misinterpreted by West as intentional effort to improve freedom of speech
перестро́йка - Perestroika
“Restructuring”
Economic reforms to improve efficiency of Soviet industry
State firms could make own decisions on production
Some private ownership of businesses permitted
Limited foreign investment of capital
Chernobyl Disaster
(image, discussion)
Tiananmen Square -1989
(image, discussion)
Revolutions of 1989
JUN 4 – Solidarity wins Polish elections in landslide
OCT 16 – Hungary allows multiparty elections
NOV 9 – unrestricted access beyond Berlin Wall permitted
NOV10 – Bulgarian president overthrown
NOV 20 – Half million Czech protesters gather in Prague; multiparty elections allowed Nov. 28
DEC 1989 – Massive riots lead to overthrow of Nicolae Ceauşescu
Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu
(image, discussion)
Berlin Wall
(image, discussion)
Boris Yeltsin, elected President of Russian SFSR – June, 1991
(image, discussion)
Attempted Coup, August 1991
Soviet VP, PM, and defense minister angered by move toward decentralized USSR
Gorbachev under house arrest; Yeltsin to be arrested
Thousands of people protect “White House,” Yeltsin’s office
Military backed Yeltsin, coup leaders arrested
Yeltsin bans Communist Party, Nov. 1991
Yeltsin, on Soviet tank- August 1991
(image, discussion)
Why did the Soviet Union fall?
Gorbachev reforms
Economic depression (oil)
Rise of Russian black market
Mishandling of Chernobyl disaster
Soviet losses in Afghanistan
Eastern European satellites resist
Ethnic minorities → greater autonomy
Widespread corruption in government
Globalization
Mass communications
Ronald Reagan?
Russia Today
25% of Russians below poverty line
Unemployment 8%, underemployment 20%
GDP is 60% of Soviet peak in 1980s
Life expectancy down by four years
Health care system in shambles
Widespread corruption
Oil has fueled 9% economic growth since 2000
So, What Was This Course About?
The Past is a Strange Place…
But History has Modern Relevance
History is not Written in Stone
History Evolves
History’s More than Kings and Wars
History can be Interesting
Wednesday, April 30, 2008
Sunday, April 27, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 4-24-2008
Cold War
(image, discussion)
Cold War Europe
(image, discussion)
Truman Doctrine, 1947
US would provide economic and military support to Greece and Turkey to contain communism
1st public pronouncement of direct opposition to Soviets
Marshall Plan
Named after US Secretary of State George Marshall
Also known as “European Recovery Program” (ERP)
$13 billion provided to European nations in direct aid
Provided political stability to recipient nations
Soviets and Soviet-bloc countries refused aid
Creation of NATO, 1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Signatories agreed that attack on one member was attack on all
Created unified front to Soviet expansion
Prompted Soviets to form Warsaw Pact (1956)
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
(image, discussion)
Communist Revolution in China
1949 – end of Chinese civil war
Nationalist armies devastated during WWII
Mao Zedong declared People’s Republic of China (PRC)
Korean War
(image, discussion)
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
(image, discussion)
Vietnam War, 1954-75
(image, discussion)
Angolan War of Independence
(image, discussion)
Nicaraguan Civil War, 1978-90
(image, discussion)
Afghanistan War, 1979-89
(image, discussion)
Decolonization
(image, discussion)
India and Pakistan - 1947
(image, discussion)
Mahatma Gandhi
1869-1948
Hindu, trained as a lawyer
Led rebellion against racism in South Africa
Led Indian independence movement with Nehru
Opponent of partition
Assassinated by Hindu radical
Creation of Israel: 1947- 48
(image, discussion)
Suez War (Suez Crisis)-1956
(image, discussion)
Algeria: 1954-62
(image, discussion)
Pied-noirs
(image, discussion)
Congo Independence: 1960-65
(image, discussion)
Joseph Mobutu
1930-97
Trained in army under Belgians
Part of assassination of Lumumba
Dictator of Congo (Zaire) 1965-97
Reign noted for brutality and corruption
Overthrown in 1997; Congo in near-continuous civil war since
Legacy of King Leopold II
(image, discussion)
Why did decolonization happen?
Indigenous independence movements
WW II – European powers seen as weak
US, Soviet influence in nationalism in former colonies
Pressure from US to decolonize
Economic reality – trade monopolies are difficult and expensive to enforce
Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire
(image, discussion)
Ronald Reagan
(image, discussion)
Mr. Gorbachev – Tear Down This Wall!
(image, discussion)
Soviet Gulag system
(image, discussion)
Nikita Khrushchev
(image, discussion)
Hungarian Revolution
(image, discussion)
Leonid Brezhnev
(image, discussion)
Prague Spring
(image, discussion)
Détente
(image, discussion)
Karol Józef Wojtyła – Pope John Paul II
(image, discussion)
(image, discussion)
Cold War Europe
(image, discussion)
Truman Doctrine, 1947
US would provide economic and military support to Greece and Turkey to contain communism
1st public pronouncement of direct opposition to Soviets
Marshall Plan
Named after US Secretary of State George Marshall
Also known as “European Recovery Program” (ERP)
$13 billion provided to European nations in direct aid
Provided political stability to recipient nations
Soviets and Soviet-bloc countries refused aid
Creation of NATO, 1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Signatories agreed that attack on one member was attack on all
Created unified front to Soviet expansion
Prompted Soviets to form Warsaw Pact (1956)
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
(image, discussion)
Communist Revolution in China
1949 – end of Chinese civil war
Nationalist armies devastated during WWII
Mao Zedong declared People’s Republic of China (PRC)
Korean War
(image, discussion)
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
(image, discussion)
Vietnam War, 1954-75
(image, discussion)
Angolan War of Independence
(image, discussion)
Nicaraguan Civil War, 1978-90
(image, discussion)
Afghanistan War, 1979-89
(image, discussion)
Decolonization
(image, discussion)
India and Pakistan - 1947
(image, discussion)
Mahatma Gandhi
1869-1948
Hindu, trained as a lawyer
Led rebellion against racism in South Africa
Led Indian independence movement with Nehru
Opponent of partition
Assassinated by Hindu radical
Creation of Israel: 1947- 48
(image, discussion)
Suez War (Suez Crisis)-1956
(image, discussion)
Algeria: 1954-62
(image, discussion)
Pied-noirs
(image, discussion)
Congo Independence: 1960-65
(image, discussion)
Joseph Mobutu
1930-97
Trained in army under Belgians
Part of assassination of Lumumba
Dictator of Congo (Zaire) 1965-97
Reign noted for brutality and corruption
Overthrown in 1997; Congo in near-continuous civil war since
Legacy of King Leopold II
(image, discussion)
Why did decolonization happen?
Indigenous independence movements
WW II – European powers seen as weak
US, Soviet influence in nationalism in former colonies
Pressure from US to decolonize
Economic reality – trade monopolies are difficult and expensive to enforce
Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire
(image, discussion)
Ronald Reagan
(image, discussion)
Mr. Gorbachev – Tear Down This Wall!
(image, discussion)
Soviet Gulag system
(image, discussion)
Nikita Khrushchev
(image, discussion)
Hungarian Revolution
(image, discussion)
Leonid Brezhnev
(image, discussion)
Prague Spring
(image, discussion)
Détente
(image, discussion)
Karol Józef Wojtyła – Pope John Paul II
(image, discussion)
PowerPoint Notes, 4-22-2008
Map – African Nations
South Africa
Nigeria
Egypt
Kenya
Sudan
Ethiopia
Somalia
Libya
Dem. Republic of the Congo
Mozambique
Angola
Remilitarization of the Rhineland
March 1936
Violation of Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Locarno
Hitler gambled
French back down
League of Nations ineffective to stop Hitler
Hitler on the Rhineland“The forty-eight hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve-racking in my life. If the French had then marched into the Rhineland we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs, for the military resources at our disposal would have been wholly inadequate for even a moderate resistance.”
Spanish Civil War
1936-39
Republicans versus Fascists
Germany and Italy back General Franco
Soviet Union and Mexico support Republicans
500,000 to 1,000,000 people killed
Guernica: Pablo Picasso, 1937
(image, discussion)
Significance of Spanish Civil War
Training ground for fascist armies
Mass media coverage; Hemmingway and Orwell fought for Republic
European tensions increased
Civilians targeted as a way to terrorize opponents
Anschluss: March 12, 1938
Anschluss
“Annexation” or “union”
Violation of Treaty of Versailles
70,000 Social Democrats, Communists, and Jews arrested
Validated by popular vote in April 1938 (99.73% of vote supporting Anschluss)
Intimidation? Nazi sympathy?
Munich Agreement, Sept. 29, 1938
Annexation of Sudetenland
(image, discussion)
Nazis at War
Czechoslovakia – March, 1939
Poland – September, 1939
Norway, Denmark – April, 1940
France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands invaded May, 1940
Battle of Britain – July, 1940
Invasion of Soviet Union – June, 1941
Peak of Nazi Power, 1941-42
(image, discussion)
The Holocaust
(image, discussion)
Holocaust Denial
(image, discussion)
Why was there a Holocaust?
Intentionalism – Hitler intended all along to set up state machinery to kill the Jews, and was actively involved in the campaign.
OR
Functionalism – Hitler’s words inspired the Nazi bureaucracy to develop and carry out a plan to exterminate Jews, and he was little involved.
Holocaust, 1933
March - First concentration camp opened at Dachau
April – Nazis stage first mass boycott of Jewish businesses
July – Nazis pass forced sterilization law
September – Jews barred from owning land
October – Jews prohibited from editing newspapers
Holocaust, 1934
January – Jews banned from German Labor Front
May – Jews prohibited from receiving health insurance
July – Jews barred from becoming lawyers
Holocaust, 1935
May – Jews banned from military
June – Law passed forcing abortions for women with hereditary diseases
September – Nuremberg Race Laws
Jews denied citizenship
Ban on marriage, sexual relations between Germans and Jews
Nazi Racial Categories
(image, discussion)
Holocaust, 1938
April – Jews ordered to register wealth
June – Jewish-owned businesses ordered to register
July – Jews over 15 ordered to obtain special ID cards
July – Jewish doctors prohibited from practicing medicine
Kristallnacht, Nov. 9-10, 1938
(image, discussion)
Holocaust, 1939
JAN – Increased effort to force Jews from Germany
FEB – Jews surrendered gold and silver
APR– Jews can no longer rent; forced to live in “Jew houses”
SEP – Invasion of Poland brings 2 million Polish Jews under Nazis
OCT - Hitler speech to Reichstag
Der Stürmer, Sept. 1939
(image, discussion)
T-4 Program: October, 1939
Euthanasia of disabled
Nazis used state doctors who decided which patients would live or die
Patients bussed to a “Special Section” facility and gassed with CO.
Up to 200,000 people killed under T-4 from 1939-41
Creation of ghettos
(image, discussion)
Einsatzgruppen
“Task forces" or "intervention groups“
Operated behind Wehrmacht as German army marched eastward
Murdered large groups of people in mass firing squads (Polish Jews, intellectuals, and leftists)
Up to 1.5 million victims
Einsatzgruppen document, 1941
(image, discussion)
Wannsee Conference –JAN 1942
Coordination of Final Solution
Some German government bureaucracies dragged feet prior to Wannsee
Most senior Nazi officials at Wannsee (but not Hitler!)
Complete record exists for conference
Document uses euphemisms to describe genocide
Nazi Euphemisms
“Final Solution” – plan to exterminate European Jews
“Resettlement” – transport of Jews to death camps
“Delousing vans” – term for mobile death vehicles
“Special treatment” – extermination
“Showers” – gas chambers
Creation of death camps
Madjanek, 1944
Mass grave, Bergen-Belsen 1945
Belzec, 1944
Piles of human hair: Auschwitz, 1945
Shoes of exterminated Jews, Auschwitz 1945
Gas chamber at Auschwitz
Buchenwald, 1945
Children at Buchenwald, 1945
Bergen-Belsen, 1945
Ebensee concentration camp, 1945
(images, discussion)
Extermination camp death tolls
Auschwitz II: 1,200,000
Belzec: 436,000
Chelmno: 152,000
Majdanek: 210,000
Sobibór: 170,000
Treblinka: 800,000
Jasenovac: 500,000
Maly Trostenets: 60,000
Minimum death camp total: 3,528,000
Holocaust death toll
About 5.9 million Jews (3.0–3.5 million Polish Jews)
1.8 million non-Jewish Poles
200,000–800,000 Roma & Sinti (Gypsies)
200,000 people with disabilities
80,000 Freemasons
100,000 communists
25,000 homosexual men
2,500-5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses
WWII Death Toll
62 million people worldwide (25 million military, 37 million civilians)
9-10 million people killed in Holocaust
23 million in Soviet Union (10 million military, 13 million civilian)
11 million in China (7/4)
8 million in Germany (6/2)
6 million in Poland (.5/ 5.5)
South Africa
Nigeria
Egypt
Kenya
Sudan
Ethiopia
Somalia
Libya
Dem. Republic of the Congo
Mozambique
Angola
Remilitarization of the Rhineland
March 1936
Violation of Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Locarno
Hitler gambled
French back down
League of Nations ineffective to stop Hitler
Hitler on the Rhineland“The forty-eight hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve-racking in my life. If the French had then marched into the Rhineland we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs, for the military resources at our disposal would have been wholly inadequate for even a moderate resistance.”
Spanish Civil War
1936-39
Republicans versus Fascists
Germany and Italy back General Franco
Soviet Union and Mexico support Republicans
500,000 to 1,000,000 people killed
Guernica: Pablo Picasso, 1937
(image, discussion)
Significance of Spanish Civil War
Training ground for fascist armies
Mass media coverage; Hemmingway and Orwell fought for Republic
European tensions increased
Civilians targeted as a way to terrorize opponents
Anschluss: March 12, 1938
Anschluss
“Annexation” or “union”
Violation of Treaty of Versailles
70,000 Social Democrats, Communists, and Jews arrested
Validated by popular vote in April 1938 (99.73% of vote supporting Anschluss)
Intimidation? Nazi sympathy?
Munich Agreement, Sept. 29, 1938
Annexation of Sudetenland
(image, discussion)
Nazis at War
Czechoslovakia – March, 1939
Poland – September, 1939
Norway, Denmark – April, 1940
France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands invaded May, 1940
Battle of Britain – July, 1940
Invasion of Soviet Union – June, 1941
Peak of Nazi Power, 1941-42
(image, discussion)
The Holocaust
(image, discussion)
Holocaust Denial
(image, discussion)
Why was there a Holocaust?
Intentionalism – Hitler intended all along to set up state machinery to kill the Jews, and was actively involved in the campaign.
OR
Functionalism – Hitler’s words inspired the Nazi bureaucracy to develop and carry out a plan to exterminate Jews, and he was little involved.
Holocaust, 1933
March - First concentration camp opened at Dachau
April – Nazis stage first mass boycott of Jewish businesses
July – Nazis pass forced sterilization law
September – Jews barred from owning land
October – Jews prohibited from editing newspapers
Holocaust, 1934
January – Jews banned from German Labor Front
May – Jews prohibited from receiving health insurance
July – Jews barred from becoming lawyers
Holocaust, 1935
May – Jews banned from military
June – Law passed forcing abortions for women with hereditary diseases
September – Nuremberg Race Laws
Jews denied citizenship
Ban on marriage, sexual relations between Germans and Jews
Nazi Racial Categories
(image, discussion)
Holocaust, 1938
April – Jews ordered to register wealth
June – Jewish-owned businesses ordered to register
July – Jews over 15 ordered to obtain special ID cards
July – Jewish doctors prohibited from practicing medicine
Kristallnacht, Nov. 9-10, 1938
(image, discussion)
Holocaust, 1939
JAN – Increased effort to force Jews from Germany
FEB – Jews surrendered gold and silver
APR– Jews can no longer rent; forced to live in “Jew houses”
SEP – Invasion of Poland brings 2 million Polish Jews under Nazis
OCT - Hitler speech to Reichstag
Der Stürmer, Sept. 1939
(image, discussion)
T-4 Program: October, 1939
Euthanasia of disabled
Nazis used state doctors who decided which patients would live or die
Patients bussed to a “Special Section” facility and gassed with CO.
Up to 200,000 people killed under T-4 from 1939-41
Creation of ghettos
(image, discussion)
Einsatzgruppen
“Task forces" or "intervention groups“
Operated behind Wehrmacht as German army marched eastward
Murdered large groups of people in mass firing squads (Polish Jews, intellectuals, and leftists)
Up to 1.5 million victims
Einsatzgruppen document, 1941
(image, discussion)
Wannsee Conference –JAN 1942
Coordination of Final Solution
Some German government bureaucracies dragged feet prior to Wannsee
Most senior Nazi officials at Wannsee (but not Hitler!)
Complete record exists for conference
Document uses euphemisms to describe genocide
Nazi Euphemisms
“Final Solution” – plan to exterminate European Jews
“Resettlement” – transport of Jews to death camps
“Delousing vans” – term for mobile death vehicles
“Special treatment” – extermination
“Showers” – gas chambers
Creation of death camps
Madjanek, 1944
Mass grave, Bergen-Belsen 1945
Belzec, 1944
Piles of human hair: Auschwitz, 1945
Shoes of exterminated Jews, Auschwitz 1945
Gas chamber at Auschwitz
Buchenwald, 1945
Children at Buchenwald, 1945
Bergen-Belsen, 1945
Ebensee concentration camp, 1945
(images, discussion)
Extermination camp death tolls
Auschwitz II: 1,200,000
Belzec: 436,000
Chelmno: 152,000
Majdanek: 210,000
Sobibór: 170,000
Treblinka: 800,000
Jasenovac: 500,000
Maly Trostenets: 60,000
Minimum death camp total: 3,528,000
Holocaust death toll
About 5.9 million Jews (3.0–3.5 million Polish Jews)
1.8 million non-Jewish Poles
200,000–800,000 Roma & Sinti (Gypsies)
200,000 people with disabilities
80,000 Freemasons
100,000 communists
25,000 homosexual men
2,500-5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses
WWII Death Toll
62 million people worldwide (25 million military, 37 million civilians)
9-10 million people killed in Holocaust
23 million in Soviet Union (10 million military, 13 million civilian)
11 million in China (7/4)
8 million in Germany (6/2)
6 million in Poland (.5/ 5.5)
Sunday, April 20, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 4-17-2008
End of the Semester
Paper and Exam – due THU May 1
No extensions on paper – I have to get grades in ASAP
Global Fascism, 1920-40
(image and discussion)
Common Elements of Fascism
Anti-communism, anti-liberalism
Censorship, repression of dissent
State is most important entity
Fear of foreign “contamination”
Rejection of modernism
“Plots” to destroy nation
Appeal to middle class
Disagreement with government equals treason
Use of paramilitary groups
Benito Mussolini
(image and discussion)
Blackshirts – (camicie nere or squadristi )
(image and discussion)
March on Rome – Oct. 27-29, 1922
(image and discussion)
Mussolini Consolidates Power
Squadristi assassination efforts
Fascist propaganda
Repression of leftists
OVRA – secret police
Mussolini invades Ethiopia
Dec 1935
Attempt to deflect attention away from domestic problems
Widespread use of mustard gas
League of Nations unable to prevent war
Payback from first Ethiopian war (Italians lost to "backward" Ethiopians)
Weimar Germany
(image and discussion)
Important points of Treaty of Versailles
Germany gave up much territory
Germany limited to 100,000 man army (no tanks, artillery, air force, and a small navy)
Article 231 – “Guilt Clause”
War reparations (est. payback date – 1984)
Weimar Republic
Successor to German Empire
Preceded by period of severe unrest Nov 1918 - Aug1919
Political, social, and economic chaos
Most Germans unhappy with Treaty of Versailles
Who Doesn’t Like a Republic?
New government despised by left and right
Radical left felt Republic betrayed ideals of workers’ movement
Conservatives wanted authoritarian rule
Far right believed Socialist-Jewish conspiracy led to Germany’s defeat
Weimar Constitution
Universal suffrage, direct election
Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, press
Right to property
Women’s rights, women’s suffrage
Article 48 –president could rule by decree during emergencies
German economy, 1920-23
Massive unemployment
Capital flight
Workers’ strikes
Hyperinflation
German Hyperinflation
(image and discussion)
Occupation of the Ruhr, 1923-24
(image and discussion)
1923 - New Currency - Rentenmark
One Rentenmark = 1 trillion Papiermark
Many people lost life savings
Some speculators and debtors profited
Dawes Plan - 1924
Ruhr to be evacuated
Reparations: 1 billion marks first year; 2.5 billion marks per year after 1928.
Reichsbank would be reorganized by Allies.
Foreign loans (primarily from US) made available to Germany
Sources for reparations: taxes
Gustav Stresemann
(image and discussion)
German Fascism
(image and discussion)
Adolf Hitler
1889-1945
Born in Austria
Wanted to be an artist in Vienna
Signed up with German army in WWI
Dolchstoßlegende
“Stab in the back legend”
Belief by right wing extremists that Jews and Socialists sold out Germany in WWI
SA - Sturmabteilung
(image and discussion)
Beer Hall Putsch – Nov. 8-9, 1923
Hitler, Ludendorff, and SA attempt coup d'état
3,000 SA and Nazi members planned to take over Munich, then march to Berlin
4 police killed, 14 SA and Nazis killed
Hitler and Herman Göring arrested
Mein Kampf 1925-26
(image and discussion)
Mein Kampf highlights
Hitler is an Übermensch
Extreme anti-Semitism
Belief in global Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy
Lebensraum – “living room”
Racial hierarchy
Racial “purity” important to German survival
Hitler belived he must use legal means to obtain power
Great Depression – Unemployment
United States – 24.9% (1933)
Britain – 17.9% (1932)
France – 16.3% (1933)
Japan – 8.4% (1934)
Germany – 30.7% (1931)
Paul von Hindenburg, German President 1925-34
(image and discussion)
German semi-presidential system
Popularly-elected president
Chancellor chosen by the President from Reichstag
Reichstag popularly elected, but Chancellor was not
Nazi seats in Reichstag
May 1928 – 2.6% (7th)
September 1930 18.3% (2nd)
July 1932 – 37.2% (1st)
November 1932 – 33.1% (1st)
Hitler named Chancellor Jan. 1933
Hindenburg’s advisors thought they could control Hitler
Cabinet stacked with Hitler’s opponents
An attempt to use Hitler for a short period and then dump him
Completely legal means to power
Reichstag fire February 27, 1933
Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist, accused of setting fire
Conspiracy? Lone arsonist?
Article 48 invoked; Hitler has communists and socialists arrested
Enabling Act, 1933
Passed March 23, 1933
Gave Hitler power to make laws without Reichstag
Nazis only had 43.9% of seats, but major opponents could not vote in jail
Night of the Long Knives (Nacht der langen Messer )
(image and discussion)
Ernst Röhm
(image and discussion)
Diary account of Rohm’s murder
With an SS escort detachment the Führer drove to Bad Wiessee and knocked softly on Röhm's door: “Message from Munich,” he said with disguised voice. “Well come in,” Röhm called to the supposed messenger, “the door is open.” Hitler tore open the door, fell on Röhm as he lay in bed, seized him by the throat and screamed, “You are under arrest, you swine.” Then he turned the traitor over to the SS. At first Röhm refused to get dressed. The SS then threw his clothes in the Chief of Staff's face until he bestirred himself to put them on. In the room next door, they found young men engaged in homosexual activity. “And these are the kind who want to be leaders in Germany,” the Führer said trembling.
Paper and Exam – due THU May 1
No extensions on paper – I have to get grades in ASAP
Global Fascism, 1920-40
(image and discussion)
Common Elements of Fascism
Anti-communism, anti-liberalism
Censorship, repression of dissent
State is most important entity
Fear of foreign “contamination”
Rejection of modernism
“Plots” to destroy nation
Appeal to middle class
Disagreement with government equals treason
Use of paramilitary groups
Benito Mussolini
(image and discussion)
Blackshirts – (camicie nere or squadristi )
(image and discussion)
March on Rome – Oct. 27-29, 1922
(image and discussion)
Mussolini Consolidates Power
Squadristi assassination efforts
Fascist propaganda
Repression of leftists
OVRA – secret police
Mussolini invades Ethiopia
Dec 1935
Attempt to deflect attention away from domestic problems
Widespread use of mustard gas
League of Nations unable to prevent war
Payback from first Ethiopian war (Italians lost to "backward" Ethiopians)
Weimar Germany
(image and discussion)
Important points of Treaty of Versailles
Germany gave up much territory
Germany limited to 100,000 man army (no tanks, artillery, air force, and a small navy)
Article 231 – “Guilt Clause”
War reparations (est. payback date – 1984)
Weimar Republic
Successor to German Empire
Preceded by period of severe unrest Nov 1918 - Aug1919
Political, social, and economic chaos
Most Germans unhappy with Treaty of Versailles
Who Doesn’t Like a Republic?
New government despised by left and right
Radical left felt Republic betrayed ideals of workers’ movement
Conservatives wanted authoritarian rule
Far right believed Socialist-Jewish conspiracy led to Germany’s defeat
Weimar Constitution
Universal suffrage, direct election
Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, press
Right to property
Women’s rights, women’s suffrage
Article 48 –president could rule by decree during emergencies
German economy, 1920-23
Massive unemployment
Capital flight
Workers’ strikes
Hyperinflation
German Hyperinflation
(image and discussion)
Occupation of the Ruhr, 1923-24
(image and discussion)
1923 - New Currency - Rentenmark
One Rentenmark = 1 trillion Papiermark
Many people lost life savings
Some speculators and debtors profited
Dawes Plan - 1924
Ruhr to be evacuated
Reparations: 1 billion marks first year; 2.5 billion marks per year after 1928.
Reichsbank would be reorganized by Allies.
Foreign loans (primarily from US) made available to Germany
Sources for reparations: taxes
Gustav Stresemann
(image and discussion)
German Fascism
(image and discussion)
Adolf Hitler
1889-1945
Born in Austria
Wanted to be an artist in Vienna
Signed up with German army in WWI
Dolchstoßlegende
“Stab in the back legend”
Belief by right wing extremists that Jews and Socialists sold out Germany in WWI
SA - Sturmabteilung
(image and discussion)
Beer Hall Putsch – Nov. 8-9, 1923
Hitler, Ludendorff, and SA attempt coup d'état
3,000 SA and Nazi members planned to take over Munich, then march to Berlin
4 police killed, 14 SA and Nazis killed
Hitler and Herman Göring arrested
Mein Kampf 1925-26
(image and discussion)
Mein Kampf highlights
Hitler is an Übermensch
Extreme anti-Semitism
Belief in global Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy
Lebensraum – “living room”
Racial hierarchy
Racial “purity” important to German survival
Hitler belived he must use legal means to obtain power
Great Depression – Unemployment
United States – 24.9% (1933)
Britain – 17.9% (1932)
France – 16.3% (1933)
Japan – 8.4% (1934)
Germany – 30.7% (1931)
Paul von Hindenburg, German President 1925-34
(image and discussion)
German semi-presidential system
Popularly-elected president
Chancellor chosen by the President from Reichstag
Reichstag popularly elected, but Chancellor was not
Nazi seats in Reichstag
May 1928 – 2.6% (7th)
September 1930 18.3% (2nd)
July 1932 – 37.2% (1st)
November 1932 – 33.1% (1st)
Hitler named Chancellor Jan. 1933
Hindenburg’s advisors thought they could control Hitler
Cabinet stacked with Hitler’s opponents
An attempt to use Hitler for a short period and then dump him
Completely legal means to power
Reichstag fire February 27, 1933
Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist, accused of setting fire
Conspiracy? Lone arsonist?
Article 48 invoked; Hitler has communists and socialists arrested
Enabling Act, 1933
Passed March 23, 1933
Gave Hitler power to make laws without Reichstag
Nazis only had 43.9% of seats, but major opponents could not vote in jail
Night of the Long Knives (Nacht der langen Messer )
(image and discussion)
Ernst Röhm
(image and discussion)
Diary account of Rohm’s murder
With an SS escort detachment the Führer drove to Bad Wiessee and knocked softly on Röhm's door: “Message from Munich,” he said with disguised voice. “Well come in,” Röhm called to the supposed messenger, “the door is open.” Hitler tore open the door, fell on Röhm as he lay in bed, seized him by the throat and screamed, “You are under arrest, you swine.” Then he turned the traitor over to the SS. At first Röhm refused to get dressed. The SS then threw his clothes in the Chief of Staff's face until he bestirred himself to put them on. In the room next door, they found young men engaged in homosexual activity. “And these are the kind who want to be leaders in Germany,” the Führer said trembling.
Tuesday, April 15, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 4-15-2008
Quiz VIII Thursday
Answer two of eight (so study at least four!)
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Bloody Sunday
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Schlieffen Plan
Treaty of Versailles
Vladimir Lenin
Alexander Kerensky
July Days
Grigori Rasputin
First Battle of Marne
Sept. 5-12, 1914
Named after Marne River
Germans: 40 miles from Paris
600 taxicabs brought French reserves from Paris
Two million troops; 500,000 casualties in one week
Germans forced to retreat; beginning of trench warfare
Marne taxicab
(image and discussion)
Long Term Causes of WWI
Social Darwinism
Imperialism/colonialism
Alliances between powers
German and Italian unifications
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Militarism – adventurism
Short Term Causes of WWI
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
“Over by Christmas” theory
Diplomatic bungling
Arms race
Eastern Front
Allies: Russia and Romania
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Russia received little aid from West
Western Front
Central Powers: Germany and Austria Hungary
Allies: Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Portugal, US (1917)
Battle of Verdun
Feb-Dec 1916
Northeast France
¼ million dead, over 1 million wounded
1st flamethrowers - Germany
Falkenhayn: “forces of France will bleed to death”
French: “They shall not pass!’
Battle of the Somme
Jul-Dec 1916
1.4 million casualties
Allied attempt to break through German lines
First war use of tanks
Stalemate continued
Change in German Military
Aug. 1916: Erich von Falkenhayn out
Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff take over
Revolutionary Russia
(image and discussion)
Nicholas II Takes Charge
Sept. 1915 – goes to the front to lead Russian troops
Leaves Empress Alexandra in Moscow to rule
Alexandra turns to her trusted advisor…
Grigori Rasputin
(image and discussion)
Grigori Rasputin
1869-1916
Russian mystic
Wandered countryside for years
Arrived in St. Petersburg in 1903
Alexei Nikolaevich
1904-1918
Only son of Tsar Nicholas
Hemophiliac
Rasputin believed to have healing powers
Conditions in Russia before Revolution
War discontent
Rumors about Rasputin and Empress
Army mutinies, desertions
Poor harvests in 1916
Economy sinking fast
Tsar ignored reform calls
Radical parties stronger
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
(image and discussion)
Lenin in Exile, 1916
(image and discussion)
February 1917 Revolution
Feb. 22 – Massive strikes
Feb. 23-25 Riots & protests in Petrograd
Feb. 25 – Tsar sends troops to quell unrest
Mar. 1 – Tsar’s train intercepted
Mar. 2 Tsar Nicholas II abdicates throne
Russian Provisional Government
March-October, 1917
Headed by Alexander Kerensky
Despised by many on left and right
Failure: decision to stay in war
2 competing Russian governments
Provisional Government
Liberals, conservatives, moderate socialists
Petrograd Soviet
Radicals, trade unionists, ex-soldiers, peasants
July Days
July 1917
Protest against war
“All power to the Soviets!”
Rioting led by Bolsheviks
Lenin into hiding, other Bolsheviks arrested
Bolshevik Revolution
AKA: October Revolution, November Revolution, Russian Revolution of 1917
October 23-25 (Nov. 5-7)
Bolsheviks take power
Lenin’s First Actions
Decree on Peace
Decree on Land
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
March 3, 1918
Russia lost:
1/3 of population
Half its industry
90% of coal mines
Execution of the Romanovs: July 17, 1918
(image and discussion)
Why did the Bolsheviks succeed?
Weak Provisional Government
**Stayed in war
**Armed Bolsheviks (Kornilov affair)
“Peace, Bread, and Land”
Bolsheviks well-organized, disciplined
Genius and charisma of Lenin
Red Guard – army of Revolution
Poverty, famine, poor economy
1918 – Last Year of War
New dynamics:
Russia out of war
BUT: German troops tied up in former Russian lands
US enters war
Germany goes on offense
German Spring Offensive - 1918
Large initial gains in territory for Germans
Within 75 miles of Paris
Germans could smell Parisian croissants…
Why did German offensive fail?
Arrival of Americans
German industry weakened
Poor supplies to German troops
Worst German losses: elite assault troops
Mutinies
Second Battle of the Marne
July 15 to August 8, 1918
Last major German offensive of war
Causualties:
France: 95,000
Britain: 13,000
United States: 12,000
Germany: 168,000
Armistice - 1918
September 29 – Bulgaria surrenders
October 30 – Ottoman Empire surrenders
November 3 – Austria surrenders
November 9 – Weimar Republic declared in Germany, Kaiser flees to Netherlands
November 11 – Germany surrenders
WWI and Technology
Steel helmets
Chemical warfare (mustard gas, chlorine, phosgene)
First use of aircraft in war
First use of tanks
First aircraft carriers
First portable automatic weapons
Flamethrowers
Civilians as fair targets
The death toll of WWI8,500,000 soldiers
US – 60,000
Britain – 900,000
Austria – 1.1 million
France – 1.4 million
Russia – 1.9 million
Germany 2.1 million
6,500,000 civilians killed
Changes after WWI
End of 4 empires (Russian, German, Austrian, and Ottoman)
New nations (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, among others)
“The Lost Generation”
League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
(image and discussion)
Treaty of Versailles
Germany gave up much territory (esp. Alsace-Lorraine, Saarland, Silesia, Danzig)
Germany limited to 100,000 man army (no tanks, artillery, air force, and a small navy)
Article 231 – “Guilt Clause”
War reparations (est. payback date – 1984)
League of Nations
League of Nation Mandates
Six “mandate” powers – Britain, France, Belgium, New Zealand, Australia, Japan
Former territories fell under “mandate”
Answer two of eight (so study at least four!)
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Bloody Sunday
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Schlieffen Plan
Treaty of Versailles
Vladimir Lenin
Alexander Kerensky
July Days
Grigori Rasputin
First Battle of Marne
Sept. 5-12, 1914
Named after Marne River
Germans: 40 miles from Paris
600 taxicabs brought French reserves from Paris
Two million troops; 500,000 casualties in one week
Germans forced to retreat; beginning of trench warfare
Marne taxicab
(image and discussion)
Long Term Causes of WWI
Social Darwinism
Imperialism/colonialism
Alliances between powers
German and Italian unifications
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Militarism – adventurism
Short Term Causes of WWI
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
“Over by Christmas” theory
Diplomatic bungling
Arms race
Eastern Front
Allies: Russia and Romania
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Russia received little aid from West
Western Front
Central Powers: Germany and Austria Hungary
Allies: Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Portugal, US (1917)
Battle of Verdun
Feb-Dec 1916
Northeast France
¼ million dead, over 1 million wounded
1st flamethrowers - Germany
Falkenhayn: “forces of France will bleed to death”
French: “They shall not pass!’
Battle of the Somme
Jul-Dec 1916
1.4 million casualties
Allied attempt to break through German lines
First war use of tanks
Stalemate continued
Change in German Military
Aug. 1916: Erich von Falkenhayn out
Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff take over
Revolutionary Russia
(image and discussion)
Nicholas II Takes Charge
Sept. 1915 – goes to the front to lead Russian troops
Leaves Empress Alexandra in Moscow to rule
Alexandra turns to her trusted advisor…
Grigori Rasputin
(image and discussion)
Grigori Rasputin
1869-1916
Russian mystic
Wandered countryside for years
Arrived in St. Petersburg in 1903
Alexei Nikolaevich
1904-1918
Only son of Tsar Nicholas
Hemophiliac
Rasputin believed to have healing powers
Conditions in Russia before Revolution
War discontent
Rumors about Rasputin and Empress
Army mutinies, desertions
Poor harvests in 1916
Economy sinking fast
Tsar ignored reform calls
Radical parties stronger
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
(image and discussion)
Lenin in Exile, 1916
(image and discussion)
February 1917 Revolution
Feb. 22 – Massive strikes
Feb. 23-25 Riots & protests in Petrograd
Feb. 25 – Tsar sends troops to quell unrest
Mar. 1 – Tsar’s train intercepted
Mar. 2 Tsar Nicholas II abdicates throne
Russian Provisional Government
March-October, 1917
Headed by Alexander Kerensky
Despised by many on left and right
Failure: decision to stay in war
2 competing Russian governments
Provisional Government
Liberals, conservatives, moderate socialists
Petrograd Soviet
Radicals, trade unionists, ex-soldiers, peasants
July Days
July 1917
Protest against war
“All power to the Soviets!”
Rioting led by Bolsheviks
Lenin into hiding, other Bolsheviks arrested
Bolshevik Revolution
AKA: October Revolution, November Revolution, Russian Revolution of 1917
October 23-25 (Nov. 5-7)
Bolsheviks take power
Lenin’s First Actions
Decree on Peace
Decree on Land
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
March 3, 1918
Russia lost:
1/3 of population
Half its industry
90% of coal mines
Execution of the Romanovs: July 17, 1918
(image and discussion)
Why did the Bolsheviks succeed?
Weak Provisional Government
**Stayed in war
**Armed Bolsheviks (Kornilov affair)
“Peace, Bread, and Land”
Bolsheviks well-organized, disciplined
Genius and charisma of Lenin
Red Guard – army of Revolution
Poverty, famine, poor economy
1918 – Last Year of War
New dynamics:
Russia out of war
BUT: German troops tied up in former Russian lands
US enters war
Germany goes on offense
German Spring Offensive - 1918
Large initial gains in territory for Germans
Within 75 miles of Paris
Germans could smell Parisian croissants…
Why did German offensive fail?
Arrival of Americans
German industry weakened
Poor supplies to German troops
Worst German losses: elite assault troops
Mutinies
Second Battle of the Marne
July 15 to August 8, 1918
Last major German offensive of war
Causualties:
France: 95,000
Britain: 13,000
United States: 12,000
Germany: 168,000
Armistice - 1918
September 29 – Bulgaria surrenders
October 30 – Ottoman Empire surrenders
November 3 – Austria surrenders
November 9 – Weimar Republic declared in Germany, Kaiser flees to Netherlands
November 11 – Germany surrenders
WWI and Technology
Steel helmets
Chemical warfare (mustard gas, chlorine, phosgene)
First use of aircraft in war
First use of tanks
First aircraft carriers
First portable automatic weapons
Flamethrowers
Civilians as fair targets
The death toll of WWI8,500,000 soldiers
US – 60,000
Britain – 900,000
Austria – 1.1 million
France – 1.4 million
Russia – 1.9 million
Germany 2.1 million
6,500,000 civilians killed
Changes after WWI
End of 4 empires (Russian, German, Austrian, and Ottoman)
New nations (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, among others)
“The Lost Generation”
League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
(image and discussion)
Treaty of Versailles
Germany gave up much territory (esp. Alsace-Lorraine, Saarland, Silesia, Danzig)
Germany limited to 100,000 man army (no tanks, artillery, air force, and a small navy)
Article 231 – “Guilt Clause”
War reparations (est. payback date – 1984)
League of Nations
League of Nation Mandates
Six “mandate” powers – Britain, France, Belgium, New Zealand, Australia, Japan
Former territories fell under “mandate”
Sunday, April 13, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 4-10-2008
Prelude to War and Revolution
(discussion and map)
Alliance Systems
Larger powers used alliances to wield greater influence
Smaller nations joined alliances out of fear or pressure
Some alliances pledged mutual support, while others neutrality
Three Emperor’s League - 1873
Germany, Austria, Russia
Designed by Bismarck to keep Germany out of a 2-front war
Broke down because of conflicts over territories in the Balkans
The Triple Alliance - 1882
Germany, Austria, Italy
Italy made many side deals
Bismarck isolated France
Britain stayed out of alliances in late 19th century
Bismarck signed Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 (mutual neutrality)
Kaiser Wilhelm II
(discussion and image)
The Kaiser’s connections
Grandmother: England’s Queen Victoria
Uncle: King Edward VII of England
Cousin-in-law: Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
Best friend of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Wilhelm believed his personal contacts could prevent war
The Entente Cordiale - 1904
England and France
Not a formal military agreement
British: France could have free hand in Morocco
French: British could continue to administer Egypt
Wilhelm II went to Morocco in 1905 and gave a speech about independence
The Triple Entente
Informal association between Britain, France, and Russia
Not a formal military treaty, but powerful alliance
Triple Alliance now surrounded
Germany: Tirpitz Plan
Created by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz
Goal: to create world’s largest navy
Britain threatened by Tirpitz Plan
Led to escalation of arms race in Europe
Russian Empire in 1914
(discussion and map)
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
Ruled 1894-1917
Indecisive at times
Conservative and dedicated to preserving Russian monarchy
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05
Imperial conflict over regions in Manchuria, Korea between Russia and Japan
Began with attack on Port Arthur in 1904
Earlier assassination attempt on Nicholas II?
Small Russian fleet destroyed
Russo-Japanese War, 1905
Russians launch another fleet in 1905 on long journey (18,000 miles!)
Japanese also defeat this fleet at Tsushima
Embarrassment for Russia
Prestige for Japan
Revolution in Russia, 1905
Tsarist government had been repressing political dissent
War failures with Japan led to major discontent
Economy was in depression
Poverty among peasants led to discontent
Bloody Sunday
(discussion and image)
Aftermath of Bloody Sunday
Millions of workers on strike
Peasant riots and revolts
Assassinations of government leaders
Tsar forced to sign “October Manifesto”
October Manifesto
Liberal reforms (suffrage, freedom of speech, freedom of religion)
Creation of Duma
But - left most power with Tsar
Revolutionaries temporarily disrupted by this move
The Balkans
(discussion and map)
First Balkan War, 1911
Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908
Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria against Ottoman Empire
Ottomans lost almost every major battle
Victors could not agree on territory divisions, so….
Second Balkan War, 1913
Bulgaria versus Greece and Serbia
Ottomans and Romanians jumped in against Bulgaria
Bulgarians lose most territory captured in First Balkan War
Serbia dominant in Balkans
Austria-Hungary uneasy!
Europe 1914
(discussion and map)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Visits Sarjevo
(discussion and image)
Gavrilo Princip
(discussion and image)
Arrest of Princip
(discussion and image)
Fallout from Assassination
Austria issues Serbia ultimatum
Serbs stall, issue noncommittal response (believed Russia would back them)
World War I begins
Austria declares war on Serbia July 28, 1914
Russia begins to mobilize to support Serbs
Germany enacts Schlieffen Plan
Schlieffen Plan
(discussion and image)
Schlieffen Plan
Massive offensive through Belgium and Northern France to catch French off guard
Sweep around Paris, focus on neutralizing French army
Similar to plan of 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War
Back east before Russians could mobilize
Kaiser Wilhelm II
(discussion and image)
Failures of the Schlieffen Plan
Treaty of London – 1839
Belgian resistance delayed Germans for a month
British Expeditionary Force
Russians mobilized more quickly than Germans anticipated
Italy and Romania switched sides
(discussion and map)
Alliance Systems
Larger powers used alliances to wield greater influence
Smaller nations joined alliances out of fear or pressure
Some alliances pledged mutual support, while others neutrality
Three Emperor’s League - 1873
Germany, Austria, Russia
Designed by Bismarck to keep Germany out of a 2-front war
Broke down because of conflicts over territories in the Balkans
The Triple Alliance - 1882
Germany, Austria, Italy
Italy made many side deals
Bismarck isolated France
Britain stayed out of alliances in late 19th century
Bismarck signed Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 (mutual neutrality)
Kaiser Wilhelm II
(discussion and image)
The Kaiser’s connections
Grandmother: England’s Queen Victoria
Uncle: King Edward VII of England
Cousin-in-law: Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
Best friend of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Wilhelm believed his personal contacts could prevent war
The Entente Cordiale - 1904
England and France
Not a formal military agreement
British: France could have free hand in Morocco
French: British could continue to administer Egypt
Wilhelm II went to Morocco in 1905 and gave a speech about independence
The Triple Entente
Informal association between Britain, France, and Russia
Not a formal military treaty, but powerful alliance
Triple Alliance now surrounded
Germany: Tirpitz Plan
Created by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz
Goal: to create world’s largest navy
Britain threatened by Tirpitz Plan
Led to escalation of arms race in Europe
Russian Empire in 1914
(discussion and map)
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
Ruled 1894-1917
Indecisive at times
Conservative and dedicated to preserving Russian monarchy
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05
Imperial conflict over regions in Manchuria, Korea between Russia and Japan
Began with attack on Port Arthur in 1904
Earlier assassination attempt on Nicholas II?
Small Russian fleet destroyed
Russo-Japanese War, 1905
Russians launch another fleet in 1905 on long journey (18,000 miles!)
Japanese also defeat this fleet at Tsushima
Embarrassment for Russia
Prestige for Japan
Revolution in Russia, 1905
Tsarist government had been repressing political dissent
War failures with Japan led to major discontent
Economy was in depression
Poverty among peasants led to discontent
Bloody Sunday
(discussion and image)
Aftermath of Bloody Sunday
Millions of workers on strike
Peasant riots and revolts
Assassinations of government leaders
Tsar forced to sign “October Manifesto”
October Manifesto
Liberal reforms (suffrage, freedom of speech, freedom of religion)
Creation of Duma
But - left most power with Tsar
Revolutionaries temporarily disrupted by this move
The Balkans
(discussion and map)
First Balkan War, 1911
Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908
Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria against Ottoman Empire
Ottomans lost almost every major battle
Victors could not agree on territory divisions, so….
Second Balkan War, 1913
Bulgaria versus Greece and Serbia
Ottomans and Romanians jumped in against Bulgaria
Bulgarians lose most territory captured in First Balkan War
Serbia dominant in Balkans
Austria-Hungary uneasy!
Europe 1914
(discussion and map)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Visits Sarjevo
(discussion and image)
Gavrilo Princip
(discussion and image)
Arrest of Princip
(discussion and image)
Fallout from Assassination
Austria issues Serbia ultimatum
Serbs stall, issue noncommittal response (believed Russia would back them)
World War I begins
Austria declares war on Serbia July 28, 1914
Russia begins to mobilize to support Serbs
Germany enacts Schlieffen Plan
Schlieffen Plan
(discussion and image)
Schlieffen Plan
Massive offensive through Belgium and Northern France to catch French off guard
Sweep around Paris, focus on neutralizing French army
Similar to plan of 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War
Back east before Russians could mobilize
Kaiser Wilhelm II
(discussion and image)
Failures of the Schlieffen Plan
Treaty of London – 1839
Belgian resistance delayed Germans for a month
British Expeditionary Force
Russians mobilized more quickly than Germans anticipated
Italy and Romania switched sides
Wednesday, April 9, 2008
PowerPoint Notes, 04-07-2008
Quiz VII
Scramble for Africa
Leopold II of Belgium
Berlin Conference
Raj
Colonialism
Imperialism
August Comte
Boer Wars
Zulu War
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Reasons for the “New Imperialism”
Witwatersrand
Arthur de Gobineau
Readings
This week: Chapter 28
Next Week: Chapter 29
East Asia and Modernity
(map and discussion)
“Three-Nation Trade”
Britain: manufactured goods to India
India: Cotton to China
China: Tea to Britain
Result: Trade imbalance, Britain exporting more silver to pay for tea
Poppies and Opium
(map and discussion)
Opium as a Commodity
1729 – Chinese emperor banned opium
1773 – British EIC obtained opium monopoly; promoted poppy cultivation in India
British traders profited from smuggling opium into China
First Opium War
1839-43
Began with Chinese crackdown on opium
Britain went to war to force China to allow opium imports
1839 – capture of Hong Kong
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty of Nanking
Five ports opened to British traders
China forced to pay reparations for seized opium
Opium trade reopened
Britain keeps Hong Kong “in perpetuity”
Extraterritoriality of British citizens in China
Second Opium War
1856-60
Britain and France versus China
Began with seizure of pirate ship The Arrow
China defeated, forced to sign Convention of Peking
Convention of Peking
Ten more Chinese ports opened to the West
Territory ceded to Britain and Russia
Freedom of religion
British ships permitted to carry Chinese indentured servants overseas
Opium trade legalized again
Boxer Rebellion
1899-1901
Society of Right and Harmonious Fists
Anti-West, anti-imperialist peasant uprising
Began with attacks on railroads (Feng shui)
International army invaded China to put down rebellion
End of Qing Dynasty?
Empress Dowager Cixi
De facto ruler of China, 1861-1908
Amassed a huge personal fortune
Built grand palaces and gardens
Reigned in a time of decreasing imperial power
Republic of China
1912-1949
After death of Empress, several years of rule by regional warlords
Efforts to re-centralize
Chinese Republic founded by Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen
1866-1925
“Father of Modern China”
“Three Principles of the People”
Nationalism
Democracy
Welfare of the people
Allied with Communists to fight warlords
Founded Kuomintang
Kuomintang (KMT)
“National People’s Party”
Accepted Soviet aid 1923-27
Death of Sun Yat-sen brought to power Chiang Kai-shek
Chinese civil war, 1927-50
Meiji Japan
(film)
Scramble for Africa
Leopold II of Belgium
Berlin Conference
Raj
Colonialism
Imperialism
August Comte
Boer Wars
Zulu War
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Reasons for the “New Imperialism”
Witwatersrand
Arthur de Gobineau
Readings
This week: Chapter 28
Next Week: Chapter 29
East Asia and Modernity
(map and discussion)
“Three-Nation Trade”
Britain: manufactured goods to India
India: Cotton to China
China: Tea to Britain
Result: Trade imbalance, Britain exporting more silver to pay for tea
Poppies and Opium
(map and discussion)
Opium as a Commodity
1729 – Chinese emperor banned opium
1773 – British EIC obtained opium monopoly; promoted poppy cultivation in India
British traders profited from smuggling opium into China
First Opium War
1839-43
Began with Chinese crackdown on opium
Britain went to war to force China to allow opium imports
1839 – capture of Hong Kong
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty of Nanking
Five ports opened to British traders
China forced to pay reparations for seized opium
Opium trade reopened
Britain keeps Hong Kong “in perpetuity”
Extraterritoriality of British citizens in China
Second Opium War
1856-60
Britain and France versus China
Began with seizure of pirate ship The Arrow
China defeated, forced to sign Convention of Peking
Convention of Peking
Ten more Chinese ports opened to the West
Territory ceded to Britain and Russia
Freedom of religion
British ships permitted to carry Chinese indentured servants overseas
Opium trade legalized again
Boxer Rebellion
1899-1901
Society of Right and Harmonious Fists
Anti-West, anti-imperialist peasant uprising
Began with attacks on railroads (Feng shui)
International army invaded China to put down rebellion
End of Qing Dynasty?
Empress Dowager Cixi
De facto ruler of China, 1861-1908
Amassed a huge personal fortune
Built grand palaces and gardens
Reigned in a time of decreasing imperial power
Republic of China
1912-1949
After death of Empress, several years of rule by regional warlords
Efforts to re-centralize
Chinese Republic founded by Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen
1866-1925
“Father of Modern China”
“Three Principles of the People”
Nationalism
Democracy
Welfare of the people
Allied with Communists to fight warlords
Founded Kuomintang
Kuomintang (KMT)
“National People’s Party”
Accepted Soviet aid 1923-27
Death of Sun Yat-sen brought to power Chiang Kai-shek
Chinese civil war, 1927-50
Meiji Japan
(film)
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